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Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
Freud was born to a Jewish family in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor, Czech Republic), the son of a wool merchant. At the age of 17 he began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, in 1882, he joined the staff of the Vienna General Hospital, specializing in neurology . He then studied in Paris (1883-5) and it was there that he changed from neurology to psychopathology. Returning to Vienna, in 1886 he married Martha Bernys and within nine years they had six children. In 1895 he published Studien über Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria), marking the beginnings of psychoanalysis. Recalling significant events from his own childhood and from those of his patients, he became convinced of the certainty of infantile sexuality. Such a view isolated Freud from the medical profession in general, who looked on his theory with incredulity and hostility. His major work, Die Traumdeutung (1900, The Interpretation of Dreams), identified dreams with attempts at wish fulfilments. In 1902 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Vienna and he founded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, keeping on producing further crucial works: Zur Psychopathologie des Altagslebens (1904, The Psychpathology of Everyday Life), and Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (1905, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality). As Freud was aging he was training Carl C. Jung as his successor. But as time went on Jung and Freud differed in ideals and in 1914 they terminated their correspondance. In that same year World War I broke out and brought the movement of psychoanalysis to a halt. The years after the war were seminal ones for psychoanalysis. When Hitler got in power and the persecution of the Jews started, Freud and his family were extricated from the hands of the Gestapo and allowed to emigrate. He settled in Hampstead, London, where he died as a result of cancer of the jaw and cheek. His daughter, Anna, went on to become the founder of child psychoanalysis.
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