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| Heraclitus (540 BC - 480 BC) Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus , known as 'The Obscure,' was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He disagreed with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras about the nature of the ultimate substance and claimed instead that everything is derived from the Greek classical element fire, rather than from air, water, or earth. This led to the belief that "change" is real, and stability illusory. For Heraclitus everything is "in flux". He is famous for saying: "No man can cross the same river twice, because neither the man nor the river are the same." Heraclitus' view that an explanation of change was foundational to any theory of nature was strongly opposed by Parmenides, who argued that change is an illusion and that everything is fundamentally static. Only fragments of Heraclitus' writings have been found. He appears to have taught by means of small, oracular aphorisms meant to encourage thinking based on natural law and reason. The brevity and elliptic logic of his aphorisms earned Heraclitus the epithet 'Obscure'. |
| 即使你走遍每一条道路都无法到达灵魂的边界：极端之深奥是它的理念 |
| 我们的每一个时刻永远都不会一样，而我们所经历的每一个时刻、每一个时期也都永远不会一样 |
| 能够得到你想要的所有东西并不是一件好事情 |
| 除了变化以外，没有什么东西是永恒的 |